Wildlife in a City Pond

1. When it rains, the barren pond bursts into life. It goes from being being dry and brown to blue and green. When an orchestra starts to play, the silence n the hall gets

filled with the beautiful music of different instruments. Similarly, when it rains, the dry barren pond gets filled with water, palnts and animals. 

2. Free Response; Suggested Answer: Nature's dance-trees and reeds swaying in the wind; the flowing water is the music in the background; colourful birds flying around gracefully; fish leaping in the pond; animals playing with each other.

3. The speaker feels surprise, awe and wonder when he looks at Flapshell Pond.

4. The speaker was determined to save Flapshell Pond because it was beautiful and he loved it. Additionally, it was home to so many plants and animals; it would be a shame to destroy it. 

5. When people threatened to destroy Flapshell Pond, the residents of the neighbourhood- the speaker, the children and other neighbours - got together to save it. They organized a protest and contacted various officials, including the city commissioner. Even people from environmental organizations got involved.  Lots of people worked together as  a united group to save the pond. 

Comprehension

A. 1. When the speaker moved to a new house in Pune, he discovered that a loud noise started up when it turned dark. 

2. In the summer, the pond was dry and lifeless.

3. The rains turned the lifeless, dry brown earth of the pond into a beautiful oasis of blue and green. It filled up with water and many plants sprouted up. Many different animals and birds flocked to it.

4. When the pond filled up with water, the speaker spotted Flapshell turtles. He learnt that the turtles slept under the ground during the dry summer and waited for the rains. so he named the pond after them.

5. The speaker called the pond a 'natural restaurant' because animals like the spot-billed  ducks flew to the pond, hunted for some snails and water plants to eat, and then left to go back - almost like eating at a restaurant and going back home. 

B. a. The speaker is comparing the life in the pond to an orchestra.

b. The 'orchestra' started playing because the monsoon rains arrived and the pond burst into life.

c. The speaker did not initially appreciate the music of the 'orchestra', but he soon grew to appreciate it and consider it a symphony. 

2. a. 'He' is the city commissioner of Pune.

b. In the summer, Flapshell Pond was dry and lifeless. But come monsoon, it filled up with water. Many different types of plants started growing and many species of animals made it their home. All the animals together created a beautiful symphony of sounds during the day and night. Plant life and wildlife lived together in harmony and this was a wonderful sight to see. This was the 'monsoon magic' that the city commissioner experienced. 

c. The city commissioner realized that Flapshell Pond was a wonder of nature and that it would be wrong to destroy it. 

3. a. The speaker finds his backyard magical because that is where the Flapshell Pond is. He considers Flapshell Pond magical because it is full of the best things you can find in nature. 

b. Free response

C. 1. The speaker was scared that Flapshell Pond would be drained and used as land for construction. if the speaker's fears came true, then the Pond would be destroyed. All the plants that grew in and around it would be dug out and cleared up to make space for the building. Once the pond and the plants are destroyed, there will no longer be a home for all the different birds and animals that visited the pond or lived in it. The residents of the area would no longer be able to enjoy the beauty of the wetland. The coolness creaed by the ponds and plants would be lost too. Overall, it would be a small disaster.

2. The speaker did not save the pond alone. It took the conbined effort of a lot of people to do so. The speaker organized a protest along with the children of the neighbourhood. He invited journalists to cover the event and write about it in newspapers. The residents of the neighbourhood called up officials to ask them for help saving the pond. Many environmental organizations also got involved in the efforts. The city commissioner was invited to have a look at the Flapshell Pond and experience its magic. All this worked and the pond was saved. 

3. The speaker is a very observant person. He notices very minute details about the pond. He notices how it changes from season to season. He loves nature and wildlife and notices the different species of plants and animals in and around the pond. He even observes the behaviour of these animals in detail. He listens to the sounds and appreciates the natural symphony. He is very passionate about nature and conservation. When he hears that Flapshell Pond is to be destroyed, he does not stop until he has done everything he can to save it. He organizes protests and gets the entire neighbourhood together to save the pond. He is very dedicated person.   

 

 

 

Please click here to know the answer of the previous chapters

HERO 

Outlaws Report

छत्तीसगढ़ पाठ्य पुस्तक निगम के पुस्तकों के नोट्स के लिए नीचे लिंक पर क्लिक कीजिए

छत्तसगढ़ नोट्स 

 

 

Outlaws' Report

Comprehension

A.

1. The government of England

2. improve the lives of the citizens of England

3. the Outlaws -william, Ginger, Douglas, Henery

4. improve the lives of the children of England

5. better conditions, shorter hours,higher wages, freedom from want and fear

6. as many holidays as school working days; pocket money of six pence a week that should not be taken away for any reason; no Latin, French,Arithmetic; free ice-cream; no punishment

B.

1. a William said this to the other Outlaws.

    b. William thins children are punished for things grown ups are allowed to do like breaking things, forgetting things and being rude to each other. This is the equality he thinks he doesn't have.

    c. William is angry, bitter and determined to get children what he thinks they deserve.

2. a. William had gotten into Major Hamilton's car to search for the papers, only Major Hamilton had come back too soon and had driven away with William still in the car. This was what the outlaws were starin at with horro.

b. The outlaws were horrifed because Major Hamilton could discovery William and they would all get into trouble.

c. Not all the Outlaw reacted the same way. William who was in the car with Major Hamilton, was not worried. He continued looking for the papers quietly.

3. a 'He' is William. The word 'them' refers to Major Hamilton's papers that William had taken out of the briefcase in order to place the Outlaws' Report inside.

b. if Major Hamilton found only the outlaws' Report inside the briefcase and not his own papers, he would think that the Outlaws had stolen them.

c. William immediately went back to the hotel to return the papers to Major Hamilton.

C.

1. The Outlaws were angry with the grown ups because the Beveridege Report was going to make their lives  so much easier but the children still had to deal with school, difficult subjects and punishments and other things that made their life difficult. The Outlaws were going to come up with their own report that had demands for children

2 The Outlaws' demands would make the lives of children much more relaxed and fun.  They would get a lot of free time if they got as many holidays as school working days. The increased pocket money would allow them to buy as many sweets and toys as they liked. Even school would become easier without Latin, French and Arithmetic. Having no punishments would mean that they can do anything they like. These demands are fun, but they are not sensible. Firstly, no one would actually give them the things they asked for. Secondly, they would hardly learn anything if they get so many extra holidays and so many subjects are removed. No punishments would aslo mean no discipline. The demands, though they are fun, would ultimately not be good for them.

3. The thieves had stolen the briefcase to get their hands on Major Hamilton's documents but they would not find it. They would only find the Outlaws' Report. The Outlaws had decided to place their reports in Major Hamilton's briefcase so that it would go to government in London and become an Act of Parliament. William had taken the Major's papers out of briefcase to put the Outlaws' Report in. But he had forgotten to put them back in.

4. The pantomime was more important to the Outlaws. The Outlaws were disappointed when they realized that their Report would not be made into Act of Parliament. But when they heard that Major Hamilton had promised to take them to a pantomime as reward, they cheered up immediately and forgot all about the Report.  

Grammar

Complete this extract from a news paper article with the correct prepostitions . You can use a preposition more than once.

( Please attempt all questions of Grammar in the book itself)

Twenty -five children, between the ages of 8 and 17, will receive the National Bravery Award from the Prime Minister on 23 January. Here is the story of one of these brave hearts -Sumit Magain, a fifteen-year -old from Uttarakhand.

When Sumit's older cousin, Ritesh, was being dragged away by a leopard, he told Sumit to run. But Sumit decided to stay and fight. He vowed to get his cousin out of this dangerous situation. And he succeeded. 

B. 1.  Because of 

2. In search of 

3. thanks to 

4. except for 

5. instead of 

6. with reference to 

 

C.  1. in comparison to

2. in spite of 

3. along with 

4. regardless of 

5. in place of 

Vocablary

A. 

1. very pale, especially from shock

2. covered in bruises

3. feeling sad

4. beome angry 

5. feel embarrassed

b. FAST- boltted, dashed, scampered; SLOW-crept, plodded

Please click the link below for class VI.

Light, Shadows and Reflections

Rotation and Revolution

All the planets in our solar system have two types of motions i.e. rotation and revolution.

The earth also has two motions one is called rotation on its axis and revolution around the sun.

Let’s check out what rotation, revolution and axis are.

To understand these movements one must know their meaning. Let’s know about axis

What is Axis ?

Axis is an imaginary line joining the two poles (north and south) on which the earth makes its movement.

Rotation: the movement of the earth on its axis like top.

The earth takes about 24 hours to complete one rotation on its axis.  

Revolution: 

The movement of the earth around the sun is called revolution of the earth. The earth takes 365 days 6 hours to complete its one revolution. While rotating on its axis, the earth also makes a movement around the sun. 

Let’s get into detail of the movement of the earth.

Axis: It’s an imaginary line which joins North Pole to the South Pole passing through the center of the earth. The movement of the earth is very fast. It moves at the speed of 1600 km per hour. The axis of the earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5 from a perpendicular to the orbital plane. Thus the axis of the earth makes an angle of 66.5 with the plane of earth’s orbit. This tilting of the axis is called the inclination of the Earth’s Axis. While rotating on its axis the earth also moves around the sun. The speed of the earth in its journey around the sun is nearly 120,000 kilometers per hour.

Axis and its revolution around the sun are responsible for many events like day and night, change of seasons, etc. 

Rotation

Rotation is the moving around of the earth on its axis from west to east. 

Effects of Earth’s Rotation

1. East-west movement: You must have seen that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. During the day the sun appears to be moving from east to west. Because of the earth’s movement, this phenomenon occurs. The earth moves from west east on its axis. That’s why we see the sun rising in the east and setting in the west.

2. Day and night: Rotation makes day and night on the earth which affects light, heat, humidity and wind movement.   

Circulation of air and water: The earth’s rotation causes a consistent change in the direction of the flow of winds and ocean waters. 

Read this please: Causes of Earthquake

The effect of the tilted axis

The earth receives light from the sun. due to the spherical shape of the earth, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time the portion facing the sun experiences day while the other half away from the sun experiences night. The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination. During summer days are longer than the nights while in winter nights are longer than days. 

This happens because of the tilted axis. The earth is tilted at an angle of 66.5 thus , the Northern hemisphere remains inclined towards the sun for about six months.  As the earth goes on its revolution, The Northern Hemisphere is away from the sun for another six months 

Days and night are equal on equator throughout the year as the sun rays falls directly on it. Thus,  the regions those come under equator experience equal days and nights. 

Revolution 

The movement of the earth around the sun is called revolution.

Revolution around the sun

It completes one revolution in 365 days 6 hours. For our convenience we count only 365 days in a year and ignore 6 hours. The six hours becomes one day after every fourth year and that’s why we add one more day in the month of February (called leap year) which usually consists of 29 days.

Let’s find the out other effects of revolution of the earth. 

Changing Seasons

While rotating on its axis the earth also makes a movement around the sun called revolution. Thus changing seasons are due to both rotation and revolution of the earth.

The particular portion of the earth keeps facing sun light for about six months during the course of its revolution.

Thus the area around the earth receives maximum heat is summer. As it moves towards Polar Regions the sun rays decreases causing changes in the season on the earth.

Let’s understand through the dates here

Rotation and revolution takes place simultaneously causing the seasonal changes on the earth

21 June

North Pole is inclined towards the sun. The sun rays directly fall on tropic of cancer. Thus, all the regions that come under the tropic of cancer have summer causing longer days and shorter nights in Northern Hemisphere. It is also called summer solstice. 

22 December

This is just reverse position of 21 June. North Pole is away from the sun while South Pole inclined towards the sun. Sun rays vertically fall on tropic of Capricorn. Days are longer and nights are shorter in Southern Hemisphere. Thus, summer in southern hemisphere as in Australia, South America and winter in the northern hemisphere as in England, India. It is known as Winter solstice. 

21 March

Neither North nor South Pole inclines towards the sun. Thus sun rays fall directly on the equator.  Sun rays passes through both the poles.

As result all places on earth have equal days and equal nights. This is called equinox (Vernal or spring equinox)

23 September

It is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and is called the Autumn Equinox.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite to the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. It is also called Autumn Equinox.

Baali in Bastar

 पिछले हफ्ते ही मुझे बकावण्ड ब्लाॅक में ही कुछ जगहों पर जाने का अवसर मिला जहां कुछ अद्भुत नजारे देखने को मिले । सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता असित शेखर नायक के साथ बकावण्ड के धोबीगुड़ा

 इलाके से होते हुए ग्राम पंचायत उलनार और तारापुर हम पहॅुंचे जहां एक अनोखी परम्परा के बारे में जानकारी मिली जिसे बस्तर में सदियों से मनाया जा रहा है। वह है बाली पूजा यहां बाली त्यौहार भी कहते है।

बस्तर की परम्पराओं और रीतिरिवाजों के बारे में काफी चर्चा मैने अपने ब्लाॅग में पहले भी की है

कृपया इसे भी पढ़े 

बस्तर के साड़ 

खैर बाली त्यौहार के बारे में बताता हूॅं -

ग्रामीणों ने बताया कि यह एक ऐसा त्यौहार है जो एक या दो दिन के लिए नहीं बल्कि पूरे 2 महिने चलता है। और इन दो महिनों में कई धार्मिक कार्य किये जाते है, खास तौर पर पानी में रहने वाले जीवों की पूजा अर्चना की जाती है । और पूरे गांव मंे मेले लगता है। जिसमें आसपास के गांवों के लोग भी जमा होते हैं । सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि यह त्यौहार अन्य त्यौहारांे की तरह प्रतिवर्ष नहीं होता है।

बल्कि प्रत्येक 21 वर्ष के अन्तराल में होता है।

किस प्रकार होता है यह आयोजन

ग्रामीण गांव के एक ऐसे इलाके में जहां अधिक से अधिक लोग जमा हो सकते हैं उस जगह पर लकड़ी के दो बड़े लटठे को जमीन में पास पास मिलाकर जमीन में गाड़ देते हैं और जब 21 वर्ष के बाद ये दोनों लट्ठे आपस से जुड़ जाते हैं तो यह त्यौहार मनाया जाता है। इन दोनों लटठों पर आकृतियां बनायी जाती है जिसे भीमा और भीमिन का नाम दिया जाता है। कुछ जगहों पर इन लटठों को 15 वर्ष में जुड़ते देखा गया है। तो कुछ जगहों पर 21 वर्ष लगते है । 

जब भी आप बस्तर के किसी गांव में जाएं और आपको बाली उत्सव की जानकारी हो तो जान लीजिए यह उत्सव पौराणिक किरदार बाली के लिए नहीं। बल्कि भीमा भीमिन के विवाह के लिए है। 

यह क्यों मनाया जाता है।

उत्सव दो महिने चलता है । सवाल उठता है अखिर कारण क्या है क्यों यह मनाया जाता है ? इसके पीछे कारण क्या है ? जब हमने गांव के कुछ लोगों से पूछा तो मिश्रित जवाब मिले जिनमें प्रमुख हैं

• गांव के नदी-नाले में रहने वाले समस्त जीव जन्तुओं के प्रति आभार व्यक्त करने के लिए इसे मनाया जाता है 
• तो कुछ कहते हैं गांव की तरक्की व खुषहाली के लिए इसे मनाते हैं 
• तो कुछ ने कहा इसे प्रकृति के प्रति अपनी कृतज्ञता प्रगट करने का एक प्रयास है क्योंकि प्रकृति से ही हमें सारी चीज़ें मिलती है। 

कृपया इसे भी पढ़े

Bastar Dushhara (Hindi)

Bastar Dushhara ( English)

Tribal Food of Bastar

Democratic Government in Indian Context

Democracy has been regained after a great many sacrifices and struggles. The USA became the first democratic nation. In India, democracy dawned with the coming of independence, although it came into effect after India became a Republic in 1950. Saudi Arabia gained democracy in 2011. 

India is the largest democracy in the world. It has a democratic set-up, i.e., the government is elected by the people and is answerable to the people.

Election Manifesto 

The head of the state is the President, who is elected indirectly by the people. The citizens of India choose their representatives, who, in turn, constitute the Electoral College which ultimately elects the President. Elections are the pillar of democracy.

India has a multi-party system, i.e., a large number of parties exist within the system, which competes with each other in the elections. Countries like the United Kingdom and the United States of America have a two-party system. As the name implies, such a system allows only two political parties to exist. The party which wins the elections forms the government; the ordering party forms the opposition.

Role of the Opposition

The role of the opposition is to keep a check on the government and their policies, to ensure that they do not misgovern or become despotic. If the people are not happy with the party they have voted into power, they can devoid it of power by voting against it in the next election. The other party then gets a chance to fulfil the wishes of the people.

DEMOCRACY     

As said in the previous chapter, democracy means ‘a government of the people, by the people, for the people’ India follows a representative form of democracy. In this form, the people choose their representatives, who in turn, run the government on their behalf. The common man has the right to elect his representative. All adults in a democratic country have the right to vote. 

This is known as the Universal Adult Franchise. In India, a person above 18 years of age can cast vote. The important features of Indian democracy is:

1.  The written Constitution

2.  UniversalAdult Franchise

3.  Political Parties

4.  Elections

5.  Public Opinion

6.  Special interest Groups

7.  The media (the fourth Estate)- a very powerful check on misrule.

Why are elections important? In a democratic country like ours, elections are the key components of equality and justice. They are essential for a healthy democracy.

Elections are important because:

1.  It helps us to keep a check on our leader at regular intervals.

2.  It helps us to select the most appropriate candidate for the decision-making process.

3.  It is not physically possible for the whole population to sit together and take decisions. Even if everyone sits together, they may not have the required skill, knowledge and expertise to make the decisions.

4.  Time is also required to take such decisions.

Qualification of a candidate for election

India is a democracy where the principle of Universal Adult Franchise operates. Any citizen who is 18 years of age and above can vote, irrespective of caste, creed, colour or gender. The qualification of a candidate to stand for elections, as laid down by the Constitution should be:

1.  He/she should be a citizen of India.

2.  He/she should not be less than 18 years of age.

3.  He/she should not be a lunatic, bankrupt or a traitor to the country.

4.  He/she should not have been convicted for any serious crime.

HOW IS GOVERNMENT FORMED?

 A political party comes into being when people with similar ideologies come together. A political ideology is a set of preconceived ideas about what the best political system is and the best way to govern it.

AAP Election Manifesto 

The candidates who contest an election are chosen by the respective political party. People who do not believe in the ideology of any political party, contest alone. They are known as Independents. A party chooses a candidate on the basis of his or her ability, commitment to the people of the particular area and loyalty to the party.

Prior to elections, a political party prepares a document listing various policies and programmes which the party would take up if elected power. This is known as a party’s manifesto.

Elections in India, covering both Central and state governments, are held at intervals of five years. After the last day of voting is over, the party which wins the majority of seats in the legislature forms the government.

In case a party does not achieve an outright majority the sole right to form the government, two or even more parties join hands to form a government. This is known as a coalition government.

The process of regular elections helps keep a check on the leadership and governance of the country. The policy-making for the country is basically in the hands of the people. They have an indirect say in the changes to be brought about, i.e., through their elected representations. When a particular political party loses an election, it is a direct reflection of the public’s negative opinion about the functioning of that party. Thus, they want a better government.

The principles of freedom of expression, equality, liberty, freedom, fair election, the participation of masses, etc. work best in a democracy. The need to establish the link between the government and the governed is very crucial. Through the electoral system, the people participate in the decision-making process.

The Government of India.

The blog aims at giving a brief introduction of the Government that function in India

However, the points I have discussed here are being taught in CBSE schools across the country. The Points discussed here are given below:

Organs of Parliament

Government

Need for a government

Role of government

Forms of government

The word “government is derived from the Latin word “gubernre” meaning “to govern  or to manage”                                

A type of government, which follows the rule of law, is called a Nomocracy. It comes from the Greek words nomos (Law) and Kratos (power or rule). The phrase can be traced back to the 17^th century, which was popularized by the 19th-century British jurist A.V. Dicey. Rule of Law actually implies that every citizen is subject to the law. However, it stands in contrast to the idea that the ruler is above the law by divine right.

                   

Imagine there is a chaotic situation on the main road that crosses your area, as people are not following the traffic rules and regulations, which are implemented. Now, the question arises why rules and regulations are important. These rules and regulations should be implemented by someone, like the traffic Police, who is actually the authority with a certain amount of power in that locality. Here, the traffic Police is the agent of the government to maintain law and order on the road. So, the traffic Police, on behalf of the government, takes care of the situation.

To read about Gram Sabha. Please click the Link below:-
 What is Gram Sabha

GOVERNMENT

 The government is a political body which administers a state/country. The functions of a government are:

To maintain law and order in the country,

To formulate policies for the country and

To work for the welfare of its people

NEED FOR A GOVERNMENT

                             Man is a social animal. He has always tried to organise himself into groups or communities with some established rules of living. This is what we call a society. In a society, we all are guided by some laws. In this context, we can mention Aristotle’s view that ‘Laws should governn’. There are certain rules of law which are to be followed in society. Now, in order to live in that society, somebody has to manage the affairs of the society. That is why we need a government. The role of the government is very crucial in all spheres of modern society.

In a country like India, it becomes difficult to include every individual into the law-making process of the country.

Parliament House

To manage the affairs of the society, a structured body is required which acts as a representative voice of the individuals. This body comes to form the government. Government acts as a mediator or a decision-making body and help to resolve the differences in opinions created in society.

Government- Institution which makes rules and takes political decisions.

Society- people living in organised groups of communities.

How does the government work?

 Today, we hail India as one of the largest and vibrant democracies of the world. Our country has been praised for the rule of law and democratic freedom which are being enjoyed by her citizens. India has a body of laws to deal with various subjects, rules and regulations, executive instructions and conventions. These can be broadly termed as law and their operations with respect to the citizen are the rule of law. India is a classic example of a modern nation-state. She has managed to stay within the confines of the democratic framework. All the rules and regulations by which she functions are written down in the constitution. A constitution provides the basis for the functioning of the government.

A constitution is the system of laws and basic principles by which a state, a country or an organization is governed. With the help of these laws, power and authority get distributed in a country. Every governing institution must abide by the provisions of the constitution.

There are several types of the constitution like written, unwritten, rigid and flexible. The constitution has certain fundamental principles that deal with conflicts. Constitutions of USA, Canada, France and India are written. While the Constitution of the United Kingdom is unwritten.

All written constitutions are rigid. The consent of the centre, as well as the state, is required to make amendments to the constitution. The constitution of the USA is one such example.

The constitution which can be changed or amended easily is known as a flexible constitution. It can be amended by existing law-making procedures. The constitution of the UK is one such example.

The constitution of India is partly rigid and partly flexible.

ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT

The Government plays a crucial role in the lives of the people by taking some important decisions. In a family when two children quarrel, it is either the father or the mother who steps in to stop the quarrel. The parents take decisions on behalf of the children. Similarly, the government works for the welfare of the people in a country and acts as a guardian.

The government provides leadership to the country, by taking decisions on behalf of its citizens. The Government performs several functions, such as protects the boundaries of the country, maintains law and order and creates infrastructure, like roads, rails and bridges so that development can take place. Even during natural calamities and emergencies, the government works round the clock to ensure safety for the affected people. It tries to maintain good relations with its neighbouring countries by cooperating with them.

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Different countries adopt different methods of functioning. They have different forms of governments which govern them depending on their policies, development aspect, political issues, etc. the various types of government existing in the system are:

1.    DEMOCRACY

The word Democracy has been derived from two Greek words, demos, meaning ‘people’ and Kratos, meaning ‘authority of the people’. The democratic government follows the principle, ‘Of the People, By the people and for the people’. The government is elected by people who vote for them. Therefore, it is a direct choice of the public. In a democracy, the citizens have the right to participate in the process of the government. Everyone is equal before the law. The government is accountable to the people.

2.    AUTOCRACY

In an autocracy, the powers are concentrated in the hands of a certain few. These can be a group of people, an individual, a particular class or a political party. The authority who exercises the power cannot be questioned. The people do not have the freedom to choose their representatives which, in turn, becomes an oppressive form of governance. Military rule is an example of autocracy, where the power is concentrated in the hands of the military officer who determines the functioning of the state. North Korea and Fiji are examples of countries under military rule.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

3.    PARLIAMENTARY

In a parliamentary system, the Executive and Legislature work in coordination with each other, i.e., the powers of both the organs are mixed. Another feature of a parliamentary government is that the head of the state is different from the head of the government. In a parliamentary setup, the head of the government is the leader of the political party which has gained a majority in the legislature. At times, when a single party cannot muster up the desired majority, a number of parties come together to form a coalition government. India and Great Britain are the best examples of a parliamentary form of government.

4.    PRESIDENTIAL

In a presidential form of government, the executive and legislature are independent of each other. This is called the separation of powers. Unlike a parliamentary government, where the head of the government is responsible to the parliament, the elected president is neither responsible to the parliament nor he/she is a mother of the parliament. The United States of America is an ideal example of a presidential form of government.

The parliamentary system exists in both republics and monarchies. It is made up of politicians from different political parties. Here the government is comprised of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers.

5.    UNITARY

When a single central government looks after the whole nation, it is known as a unitary form of government. In a unitary form of government, the central government performs the duties of both the executive and the legislature. China is an example of such a kind of government.

6.    FEDERAL

In a federal government, the powers are divided in a tier structure, i.e., it is divided between the centre and the states. In such a situation, the laws passed by a central government is applied throughout the country and the laws passed by a state government is applied only to the state.